At For Better Science, we are working hard to get this website banned in Italy, where I (LS) worked for several years as postdoc. To further advance my case, here is the contribution by the pseudonymous sleuth Aneurus Inconstans. Who is Italian. Which makes it all even worse.

Thing is, Italian science certainly doesn’t lack good scientists, but it lacks good leaders and role models, being basically a kakistocracy. Nepotism is rife in Italian academia (Alessina 2011) – professorships are often distributed among family members and even inherited from fathers to sons. Mafia-like networks of Italian countrymen (yes, men) infiltrate science not just in Italy but also in USA, deciding who gets money, jobs and publications, and who doesn’t.

The Italo-American biomedical superstars Piero Anversa and Carlo Croce are probably the best examples, two paradigms of everything which is wrong, evil and despicable among many Italian science elites. Academic achievements based entirely on massive research fraud, obscene and boastful self-enrichment, aggressive litigiousness and mendacious narcissism, huge science mafia networks of Italian-speaking minions and peers which are deployed not just to steal money but to destroy critics and to sabotage institutional investigations and media reporting.

Of course also other nations have science fraud problems, often on the similar scale or even worse. But nowhere is research fraud so transatlantic and so organised into proper internationally operating mafia-like structures, as among Italian scientists. And like with real mafia, innocent people do get killed – patients, and not by bullets or car bombs, but by fake biomedical science.

The occasion for this article by Aneurus is the recent opening of a new Open Access yet exclusive to enter journal, suitably called Top Italian Scientists Journal. This bizarre publication was originally ridiculed in March 2024 by ROARS, an independent association of Italian scientists:

And now, over to Aneurus.

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Top Italian Scientists

By Aneurus Inconstans

I got to know from ROARS that lists of the Top Italian Scientists (TIS) for all disciplines exist since 2010. It’s a kind of Italian version of the Highly Cited Researchers list by Clarivate, but even more ridiculous.

The TIS initiative was launched by two scholars, Mauro Degli Esposti and Luca Boscolo, who have filtered out the names of those Italian-born or Italy-based academics having an h-index ≥ 30, calculated on Google Scholar no the less. The TIS website appears as sophisticated as it is the idea behind of drawing conclusions about the quality of anyone’s research based on a single numeric parameter.

You may think this is just a silly prank with zero impact on whatsoever, but no. For instance, the jury bestowing the Lombardy Research Prize of 1 million euro, of which 300k directly go into the pockets of the winner, is made up by TIS members only. Outrageously, the 2019 winner was the notorious Guido Kroemer, who boasts 70+ papers flagged on PubPeer. Read here:

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TIS Journal

On top of that, in January 2024 the new and exclusive Top Italian Scientists Journal (TISJ) has been launched. Yes, it’s not a joke. It’s supposed to be a multidisciplinary open access journal covering all areas of human knowledge, except the humanities. It will adopt an Open Access Gold model. Only rule: each article must have a TIS member as author. It’s truly a lovely initiative, isn’t it? If only this outlet gets an impact factor from Clarivate I expect Asian papermillers jumping onto it like locusts upon a wheat field, and if so, I wouldn’t be surprised of TIS members fighting tooth and nail to be on the papers to get their cut from the scammers. Actually this journal might have been created exactly for this purpose. Here are the editorial board members for each discipline, and you can probably recognise quite some characters.

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Biomedical Sciences

Yet, against all odds, this initiative is useful for something. It provides solid numbers for quantifying the extent of scientific misconduct in Italy and beyond. Don’t try to get those names through the website though, as members only have access to knowing about themselves. Rather go to this link where you’ll find quite some ‘geniuses’ in the Biomedical Sciences list, or BSL for short, gifted to me by a friend (thank you, Giuseppe).

The BSL consists of 1803 names in total. I went through them and suddenly… I came to myself in a dark wood, where the direct way was lost¹⁾.

The top 102 positions of the BSL are reported below. In yellow are those people with five or more problematic articles tagged on PubPeer, while in green are those ones with up to four tagged papers. Instead, those names without a colour are people either having no articles flagged at all, or with articles flagged for minor things, or even with positive comments by peers, so please leave them alone for now.

Among the top 102 positions, 54 researchers are colour-coded, of which 32 have five or more papers tagged for irregularities. Several of those yellow names are quite familiar to For Better Science readers.

You might have already spotted who sits at the pinnacle. With an h-index of 245, the undisputed number #1 is “King Charles” Carlo Croce, professor at Ohio State University, a guy who earns 800k dollars a year and sports 122 papers on PubPeer with 15 retractions so far.

To the other extremity of the list, at position #102, we find one of Croce’s greatest collaborators, Alfredo Fusco, professor at the University of Naples Federico II, who boasts 117 papers flagged and 23 retractions. At position #7 we spot Pier Paolo Pandolfi (48 papers on PubPeer), sacked Harvard professor and sexual harasser, now at the William N. Pennington Cancer Institute in Reno, Nevada, with an additional paid professorship at the University of Turin in Italy.

Ranked #44 is Massimo Loda (25 papers on Pubpeer, one retraction and one expression of concern for him), professor at Weill Cornell Med Center in Ithaca, NY, a place infested by an incredible number of crooks, not all Italians as it happens. Ranked #54 is the mega-cheater Salvatore Cuzzocrea, sacked rector of the University of Messina, 166 papers on PubPeer for him and 6 retractions (not all on Retraction Watch Database yet), who is currently also sued for embezzlement of 2.2 millions of euro of public money.

Ranked #62 is the cardiac-stem-cells fabulist Piero Anversa sporting 19 retractions, now finally retired. Ranked #72 is the bewildering Gerry Melino, professor at the Medical Research Council in Leicester, UK, with 51 papers tagged on PubPeer. Ranked #81 and #118, respectively, are the two titans of the IFOM-IEO institute in Milan, the cancer biologists Pier Giuseppe Pelicci and Pier Paolo Di Fiore, 23 flagged papers for each, Di Fiore also has 2 retractions with Fusco, because science is a village.

I know what you’re saying: where is Zauli? Giorgio Zauli (42 papers on Pubpeer) is down at rank #633, such a loser.

Recently Mantovani has strongly rejected the evidence that the microscopy in Doni et al. 2015 has issues, despite the overlap between micrographs representing diffrent conditions is crystal clear. Here below is Mantovani’s astonishing reply:

“There was no duplication whatsoever […] We are seriously concerned as to the procedure adopted by “Actinopolyspora biskrensis” and “Illex illecebrosus” to examine our paper. […] Raising the issue in PUBPEER actually required a considerable level of manipulation and blurring of the images. The attitude of “Actinopolyspora biskrensis” and “Illex illecebrosus” who conducted this effort is a matter of concern.”

[Prof. Alberto Mantovani]

Quite a worrisome answer, even more so given those several problematic articles by Mantovani.

Haytham O. Tawfik*, Amany Belal, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Andrea Angeli, Alessandro Bonardi, Claudiu T. Supuran*, Mervat H. El-Hamamsy Dependence on linkers’ flexibility designed for benzenesulfonamides targeting discovery of novel hCA IX inhibitors as potent anticancer agents Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry (2022) doi: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2130285

Supuran has published eight more papers with either Tawfik or Mervat H. El-Hamamsy and has published >2000 papers in his career, more than 100 papers per year since 2012. And guess what? Supuran was one of the jury’s members bestowing the Lombardy Research Prize to Guido Kroemer in 2019. Supuran serves as editor for the appalling journal Applied Organometallic Chemistry, where he accepts papermill products and citation plantations in profusion (further details in Shorts 14.06.2024).

Among the top 100, special mentions go to Lorenzo Moretta ranked #18 immunologist at the Pediatric Hospital “Bambin Gesù” in Rome, Renato Iozzo ranked #43 (1 retraction) professor of pathology and cell biology at the Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, Roberto Bolli ranked #45 (3 retractions) professor of medicine, physiology and biophysics at the University of Louisville in Kentucky, Guido Marcucci ranked #47 (1 EoC) hematologist and oncologist at the City of Hope Center in Los Angeles, Domenico Ribatti ranked #50 (1 retraction with the murderous surgeon Paolo Macchiarini) physician at the University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Giovanni Martinelli ranked #53 (1 retraction) oncologist at the IRST-RCCS in Forlì.

Then we also have Andrea Ballabio ranked #64 professor of medical genetics at the University of Naples “Federico II” (read November 2022 Shorts), Fortunato Ciardiello ranked #77 (2 retractions) professor of medical oncology at the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dario Altieri ranked #82 oncologist and scientific director at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, and Giuseppe Saglio ranked #89 (3 retractions) hematologist at the Universiy of Turin. Each and all of them have ≥ 10 and up to 18 papers flagged on PubPeer.

Below are examples of outrageously fake papers for each of the researchers depicted above, except for Roberto Bolli. Because Bolli is discussed aside in the next chapter. Please click on the PubPeer links to see full author lists, titles and journals:

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Bolli’s prayer

A little digression about Roberto “3 Retractions” Bolli. In 2019 he was fired from his editor-in-chief (EiC) position with the American Heart Association’s journal, Circulation Research. The reason? Bolli made homophobic comments and hate speech against the Louisville Ballet for staging Human Abstract, a love story between two men. Bolli had sent an email to the organisation which read:

Bolli’s email goes on to call the organization “evil” and “minions of Satan“.

Bolli’s email was soon made public. While AHA reacted swiftly and fired Bolli as EiC, the University of Lousville’s executives didn’t do much (read here), they just expressed bitterness and concern:

“The message appears to be a personal one; the faculty member did not mention the university or use his title in the email. Still, his words have proven hurtful to many of our faculty, staff and students, particularly those in the LGBT community.”

But then again, one shouldn’t expect much from University of Louisville, they will do everything for a devout Catholic, whether Italian or Polish, read here:

After an avalanche of protests fell, Bolli partly rectified his words saying:

“As doctors, we have a duty to care for all patients to the best of our abilities irrespective of their lifestyle or actions or other considerations. I treat ALL PATIENTS, including queer patients, with the utmost compassion and respect. There are many different types of lifestyles or actions that physicians may find objectionable, yet we do not let these considerations affect our care of patients. I certainly do not hate queer people; as a Christian, I love them. And I certainly do not think queer people are minions of Satan”.

[Roberto Bolli]

He also stated that his words had been “distorted and misrepresented”.

Who knows, maybe even Bolli’s fake data have been distorted and misrepresented by evil and satanic sleuths.

But wait, it gets better. Bobby made a prayer he published in his last editorial as EiC of Circulation Research, before leaving the journal after 11 years at the helm. It is worth reading from start to finish. Here below is the last paragraph, brace yourself:

How Bolli researches the miracle of life is illustrated in the retracted Lancet paper below, produced in collaboration with Piero Anversa himself, flagged on PubPeer by Condylocarpon amazonicum. Bolli is the first and corresponding author, and I suddenly feel a lot closer to the Creator:

Bolli R*, Chugh AR, D’Amario D, Loughran JH, Stoddard MF, Ikram S, Beache GM, Wagner SG, Leri A, Hosoda T, Sanada F, Elmore JB, Goichberg P, Cappetta D, Solankhi NK, Fahsah I, Rokosh DG, Slaughter MS, Kajstura J, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial The Lancet (2011) doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61590-0 [Retracted]

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Consistency throughout the BSL

The overall situation doesn’t get any better going down the ranks #103-#204. It’s again a battlefield, 64 colour-coded names, 27 have five or more papers tagged (yellow).

Notable characters in this segment of the list are Domenico Accili ranked #106 (28 papers on PubPeer, 1 retraction) professor of medicine at Columbia University and director of the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center in New York City, Marco A. Pierotti ranked #109 (29 papers tagged) oncologist at the National Cancer Institute in Milan, or Mauro Perretti ranked #116 (18 papers on PubPeer, 1 retraction) pharmacologist at the appalling William Harvey Research Institute in London.

Then we have Loda’s associate and cancer biologist at New York University Michele Pagano, ranked #124 (41 papers, 1 retraction), the mega-cheater Massimo Santoro ranked #128 (51 papers, 8 retractions with Fusco) cancer biologist at the University of Naples “Federico II”, Stefano Volinia ranked #175 (24 papers, 4 retractions with Croce and Fusco) cancer professor at the University of Ferrara, Mauro Piacentini ranked #176 (14 papers tagged, 1 retraction) cell biologist at the University of Tor Vergata in Rome, and Franco Dammacco ranked #192 (10 papers tagged) physician at the University of Bari.

Two examples below of Domenico Accili’s work at the prestigious Columbia University, where students drop a 150 grand on an education they could have got for $1.50 in late charges at the public library²⁾:

Examples of Marco Pierotti’s work, below to the left a collaboration with Angela Greco, to the right with Elena Tamborini. Both these ladies are currently not on the TIS list. However, both papers include Silvana Pilotti ranked #218, group leader at the National Cancer Institute in Milan, 24 papers on PubPeer for her:

Little digression. Years ago the Milan Prosecutor Office investigated Pierotti, Greco, Tamborini, Pilotti, Mantovani, Pelicci and Di Fiore for data manipulation. The Magnificent Seven had received 17 millions of euro of public money between 2005-2012 to carry out their research, not exactly peanuts. The investigation started in 2014 and ended in 2019 with a dismissal.

Why a dismissal? First, the two prosecutors requested the dismissal even before the judge released their verdict, arguing that the manipulations were proven, but that the crime of “scientific fraud” did not exist in Italy (and still doesn’t), therefore it was not possible to prosecute the oncologists. Then, the judge’s verdict came out and was more sophisticated: “the forgeries were harmless and innocent“, made “because there was no time or money to carry out additional experiments, or because competitors were arriving first“. Therefore “insignificant errors” were committed which “did not undermine the scientific validity of the published results“. Incredible. But then I wonder: even if one day scientific fraud became crime in Italy, would this sentence be used by science fraudsters to get away by claiming they had no time and money to experiment?

We leave Pierotti, Pilotti, Pelicci & Co and we move on to Perretti.

Below to the left, one of Perretti’s corresponding authorships co-signed by an old acquaintance: Giuseppe Cirino, ranked #301, elected president of the Italian Pharmacology Society (SIF) in 2022, pharmacology professor in Naples, 19 papers on PubPeer and 4 retractions. It’s likely due to these amazing achievements that Cirino got the 2024 Lifetime Achievement Award from IAIS (International Association of Inflammation Societies), so he will fly to Québec City to get his fake medal in July 2024.

To the right side, a paper retracted in March 2024 co-signed by Perretti and forged by the lab of Antonello Petrella, not a TIS member, pharmacology professor at the University of Salerno, 16 papers on PubPeer for him (read March 2024 Shorts). The issues in this paper were flagged by Elisabeth Bik:

Now a Michele Pagano’s Science paper co-signed by Giulio Draetta, ranked #287, cancer biologist at the dreadful MD Anderson Cancer Center in Texas, 13 papers on PubPeer for him (read November 2023 Shorts). Science had no objection to correcting this piece of art a few weeks ago, in May 2024, because reality is just a state of mind (not all issues are shown):

Luca Busino, Florian Bassermann , Alessio Maiolica , Choogon Lee, Patrick M. Nolan, Sofia I. H. Godinho, Giulio F. Draetta, Michele Pagano* SCFFbxl3 controls the oscillation of the circadian clock by directing the degradation of cryptochrome proteins Science (2007) doi: 10.1126/science.1141194

Below to the left a lovely vintage microscopy patchwork by Pagano, Draetta and Massimo Loda. To the right a triple lane duplication in a 2002 EMBO Journal paper by Draetta and Pagano, and co-signed also by the 2004 Nobel Prize for Chemistry winner Avram Hershko:

Now a remarkable scientific effort by Stefano Volinia, a retracted Nature Medicine paper with his mentor King Charles. There’s even a fake heat-map transcriptome, you rarely see it around:

Garofalo M, Romano G, Di Leva G, Nuovo G, Jeon YJ, Ngankeu A, Sun J, Lovat F, Alder H, Condorelli G, Engelman JA, Ono M, Rho JK, Cascione L, Volinia S, Nephew KP, Croce CM* EGFR and MET receptor tyrosine kinase-altered microRNA expression induces tumorigenesis and gefitinib resistance in lung cancers Nature Medicine (2011) doi: 10.1038/nm.2577 [Retracted]

[note by LS: David Sanders alerted me to a misattribution mistake in the earlier text version. Elisabeth Bik referenced in her PubPeer comment the Ohio State University investigation. Sanders informed me that the investigation of that article was instigated by his efforts and he was the one who found the fake heat map, as documented on page 29 here.]

Two names that say it all, Santoro and Fusco. Here is one of their many retracted papers, flagged by Clare Francis:

Chiappetta G, Tallini G, De Biasio MC, Pentimalli F, de Nigris F, Losito S, Fedele M, Battista S, Verde P, Santoro M, Fusco A* FRA-1 expression in hyperplastic and neoplastic thyroid diseases Clin Cancer Res. (2000) doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0487. [Retracted]

Below a joint effort by Mauro Piacentini with Guido Kroemer, this paper is NOT retracted:

Castedo M, Ferri KF, Blanco J, Roumier T, Larochette N, Barretina J, Amendola A, Nardacci R, Métivier D, Este JA, Piacentini M, Kroemer G* Human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope glycoprotein complex-induced apoptosis involves mammalian target of rapamycin/FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein-mediated p53 phosphorylation J Exp Med. (2001) doi: 10.1084/jem.194.8.1097.

Franco Dammacco’s genius in collaboration with his university mates Domenico Ribatti and Angelo Vacca, the latter is ranked #236, with 7 papers on PubPeer :

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Gender inequality

The vast majority of the characters so far discussed are men. Among the first 204 positions of the BSL there are only 25 women (12%). When checking the list between ranks #205-#408, the percentage of female scientists increases a bit (35 individuals, 17%), but the trend is confirmed.

I speculate women are under-represented for there is still pronounced gender inequality for apical positions in Italy, including in academia. This holds true in other Western countries, but Italy does a bit worse as usual. However, the percentage of colour-coded female names is very similar to men (56% vs. 58%).

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Sicilian chaos

Careful analysis of each and every name was performed up to position #204. Beyond this limit fifty-one additional yellow-coloured individuals were spotted here and there, many with ≥ 20 papers tagged. A special mention goes to the TIS members from Sicilian institutions, the most crowded group, with the highest number of fake papers pro persona on average. The legendary Francesco Squadrito (113 papers on PubPeer) and Alessandra Bitto (87 on PubPeer) at the University of Messina earned 10 retractions and 8 EoC so far. What they are capable of is illustrated here:

Other Messina scammers on the list are Letteria Minutoli (75 on PubPeer), Emanuela Esposito (50), Achille Caputi (50), Giuseppe M. Campo (37). But these are just some names sitting in the ridiculous TIS list, the full list of fraudsters in Messina is almost endless. You can meet most of them in these two reports, here and here:

In April 2024 I informed the new rector in Messina Giovanna Spatari about the systemic fraud perpetrated for 25 years at the biomedical departments by a hundred people. Journalists Francesco Margiocco (Secolo XIX) and Andrea Capocci (Il Manifesto), who had previously written about Squadrito and Cuzzocrea, were in cc. Silence in return. Later I’ve learnt that The Magnificent Spatari might be a loyal Cuzzocrea’s friend.

At the University of Catania the situation is equally disastrous. People like Fabio Galvano (11 papers on PubPeer), Riccardo Vigneri (12 on PubPeer), Antonino Belfiore (12 on PubPeer), Giovanni Li Volti (37 on PubPeer), Michelino Di Rosa (10 on PubPeer) and Luca Vanella (16 on PubPeer) are all on the TIS list and are just a few of the highly problematic scientists there. It’s hard to find any biomedical researcher at the University of Catania without a consistent history of manipulated data, likewise in Messina. You can meet many more characters from Catania here:

The University of Palermo wasn’t combed through as accurately as Messina and Catania, thus only two names in the BSL currently stand out, Francesco Dieli ranked #712 (32 papers on PubPeer, 2 retractions) and Giorgio Stassi ranked #492 (17 on PubPeer, 1 retraction). One example of their dedicated work, a paper that is not retracted, because this is Blood after all:

Nadia Caccamo, Carmela La Mendola, Valentina Orlando, Serena Meraviglia, Matilde Todaro, Giorgio Stassi, Guido Sireci, Jean Jacques Fournié, Francesco Dieli* Differentiation, phenotype, and function of interleukin-17-producing human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells Blood (2011) doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-331298

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Campania campaign

While many know how problematic the biomedical research at the University of Naples Federico II is, there’s probably less awareness about the neighbouring University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” (UCLV), which holds campuses spread in Naples, Caserta and other towns across the Campania region. Beside the already mentioned Fortunato Ciardiello, other notable characters in the TIS list from UCLV are Lucia Altucci (38 papers on PubPeer, 2 retractions), Filomena De Nigris (30 on PubPeer, 1 retraction), Paolo Chieffi (24 on PubPeer, 3 retractions), Alfonso Baldi (20 on PubPeer), Michele Caraglia (16 on PubPeer), and Claudio Napoli (22 on PubPeer), an associate of a certain Nobel Prize laureate, the Neapolitan-American Louis Ignarro:

I’ve been recently wandering through Altucci’s papers. A few examples showing a glimpse of Altucci’s genius are shown below. Loyal Altucci’s collaborators Antonello Mai (14 on PubPeer) and Angela Nebbioso (26 on PubPeer) co-signed this masterpiece:

Antonello Mai*, Andrea Perrone, Angela Nebbioso, Dante Rotili, Sergio Valente, Maria Tardugno, Silvio Massa, Floriana De Bellis, Lucia Altucci Novel uracil-based 2-aminoanilide and 2-aminoanilide-like derivatives: Histone deacetylase inhibition and in-cell activities Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2008) doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.055

Below a recent collaboration between Altucci and her university colleague Giuseppe Paolisso ranked #131 (6 on PubPeer):

Lucia Scisciola, Rosaria Benedetti, Ugo Chianese, Rosaria Anna Fontanella, Nunzio Del Gaudio, Raffaele Marfella, Surina, Lucia Altucci, Michelangela Barbieri, Giuseppe Paolisso The pivotal role of miRNA-21 in myocardial metabolic flexibility in response to short- and long-term high glucose treatment: Evidence in human cardiomyocyte cell line Diabetes Res Clin Pract. (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110066

Yet another recent in-hause collaboration, this time with Filomena De Nigris, the issues were identified by the invaluable ImageTwin software:

Christofer Rupert, Carmela Dell’ Aversana, Laura Mosca, Vittorino Montanaro, Davide Arcaniolo, Marco De Sio, Antonio Bilancio, Lucia Altucci, Wulf Palinski, Roberto Pili*, Filomena De Nigris* Therapeutic targeting of P2X4 receptor and mitochondrial metabolism in clear cell renal carcinoma models J Exp Clin Cancer Res. (2023) doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02713-1

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Illustrious absentees on the BSL

Well known For Better Science clients Domenico Praticò (36 on PubPeer, 5 retractions) at Temple University in Florida, Amato Giaccia (16 on PubPeer, 1 retraction) in Oxford UK, Francesco Amenta (52 on PubPeer, 2 retractions) at the University of Camerino, Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli (37 on PubPeer, 1 retraction) at the University of Florence, Sebastiano Andò (59 on PubPeer) at the University of Calabria, and Francesco Beguinot (4 retractions) at the University of Naples, for unknown reasons are not on the BSL, a least not on the version I received.

But actually, there’s another list related to biomedicine: the Clinical Sciences list. Here is the link.

On this one we can find Antonio Giordano (50+ on PubPeer) also at Temple University, Gabrio Bassotti (59 on PubPeer, 1 retraction) and Stefano Fiorucci (18 on PubPeer, 4 retractions) both at the University of Perugia, Francesco Blasi (18 on PubPeer, 2 retractions) at IFOM in Milan, Gianfranco Alpini (49 on PubPeer) sacked professor at Indiana University, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini (20 on PubPeer) and last but not least him, the most perverse mind lent to medicine of this century, Paolo Macchiarini (12 retractions). But this would be another story, maybe the sequel of this absurd TIS saga.

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¹⁾ Dante Alighieri, 1472. Inferno, canto I – The Divine Comedy.

²⁾ Good Will Hunting, 1997. Miramax.